Abstract Introduction Deficits in executive functioning, especially in inhibitory control, are present in children born very premature and/or with very low birth weight (VP/VLBW) and in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective To evaluate whether ADHD imposes additional inhibitory control (IC) deficits in preschoolers born VP/VLBW. Methods 79 VP/VLBW (4 to 7 years) children were assessed for ADHD using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). IC was measured with Conners’ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT 2) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Preschool Version (BRIEF-P).Results: No significant differences were found between ADHD (n = 24) and non-ADHD children (n = 55) for any of the measures (p = 0.062 to p = 0.903). Both groups had deficits in most K-CPT 2 scores compared to normative samples, indicating poor IC and inconsistent reaction times. Conclusions ADHD does not aggravate IC deficits in VP/VLBW children. Either neuropsychological tasks and parent reports of executive functions (EFs) may not be sensitive enough to differentiate VP/VLBW preschoolers with and without ADHD, or these children’s EFs are already so impaired that there is not much room for additional impairments imposed by ADHD.

Resumo Diferentes modelos teóricos foram propostos para explicar os déficits neuropsicológicos e seu impacto no comportamento de indivíduos com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH). Os objetivos deste artigo serão apresentar os principais modelos neuropsicológicos do TDAH e possibilitar uma atualização acerca dos principais achados relacionados ao funcionamento neuropsicológico de pacientes com esse diagnóstico. Revisões e meta-análises sobre funcionamento executivo, aversão à resposta tardia, processamento temporal e variações intraindividuais no tempo de reação são apresentadas. O perfil neuropsicológico de pacientes com TDAH é heterogêneo e testes neuropsicológicos não são suficientemente sensíveis e específicos para realização do diagnóstico, embora sejam muito importantes na identificação do perfil cognitivo para estabelecimento de um plano de tratamento mais abrangente e adequado às necessidades especificas de cada paciente.

Abstrat Different theoretical models have been proposed to explain the neuropsychological deficits and their impact on the behavior of individuals with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aims of this article will be to present the main neuropsychological models of ADHD and an update on the main findings related to neuropsychological functioning of patients with this diagnosis. Reviews and meta-analyzes on executive functioning, delay aversion, temporal processing and intra-individual variability in reaction time are presented. The neuropsychological profile of patients with ADHD is heterogeneous and neuropsychological tests are not sufficiently sensitive and specific for correct diagnosis, although they are very important to identify the cognitive profile and establish a more comprehensive and appropriate treatment plan according to the characteristics of each patient.

Resumen Diferentes modelos teóricos han sido propuestos para explicar el déficit neuropsicológico y su impacto en el comportamiento de personas con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH). Los objetivos de este artículo han sido presentar los principales modelos neuropsicológicos de TDAH y posibilitar una actualización sobre los principales resultados relacionados al funcionamiento neuropsicológico de pacientes con ese diagnóstico. Revisiones y meta- análisis sobre funcionamiento ejecutivo, aversión a la respuesta tardía, procesamiento temporal y variaciones interindividuales, en el tiempo de reacción se presentan. El perfil neuropsicológico de pacientes con TDAH es heterogéneo y los tests neuropsicológicos no son suficientemente sensibles y específicos para la realización del diagnóstico, aunque sean muy importantes para identificar el perfil cognitivo y establecer un plan de tratamiento más integral y adecuado a las necesidades específicas de cada paciente.

This study presents a systematic review of validity evidence for neuropsychological batteries. Studies published in international databases between 2005 and 2012 were examined. Considering the specificity of neuropsychological batteries, the aim of the study was to review the statistical analyses and procedures that have been used to validate these instruments. A total of 1,218 abstracts were read, of which 147 involved studies of neuropsychological batteries or tests that evaluated at least three cognitive processes. The full text of each article was analyzed according to publication year, focal instrument of the study, sample type, sample age range, characterization of the participants, and procedures and analyses used to provide evidence of validity. The results showed that the studies primarily analyzed patterns of convergence and divergence by correlating the instruments with other tests. Measures of reliability, such as internal consistency and test-retest reliability, were also frequently employed. To provide evidence of relationships between test scores and external criteria, the most common procedures were evaluations of sensitivity and specificity, and comparisons were made between contrasting groups. The statistical analyses frequently used were Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha. We discuss the necessity of incorporating both classic and modern psychometric procedures and presenting a broader scope of validity evidence, which would represent progress in this field. Finally, we hope our findings will help researchers better plan the validation process for new neuropsychological instruments and batteries.

Las imágenes relacionadas con el tabaquismo y sus controles emparejados son herramientas útiles en tareas experimentales de sesgo atencional. Cabe destacar que los procedimientos usados para producir y validar estos pares de imágenes son informados de manera deficiente en los estudios. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la producción y evidencia de validez de un conjunto de imágenes relacionadas con el tabaquismo y sus controles. Se realizaron dos estudios para evaluar la validez. Se utilizó una encuesta por Internet hecha en línea para evaluar la validez de 12 imágenes relacionadas con el hábito de fumar y 12 controles emparejados. A los participantes se les preguntó si las imágenes estaban relacionadas o no con la conducta de fumar y también valoraron hasta qué punto cada imagen estaba relacionada con el hábito de fumar. El segundo estudio investigó el sesgo de atención en los fumadores (n = 47) y no fumadores (n = 50), y examinó cómo evaluaron todas las imágenes en términos de agrado y las 12 imágenes relacionadas con el tabaquismo en términos de relevancia respecto a la conducta de fumar. Se evaluó el deseo de fumar antes y después del experimento. Los resultados indican que este conjunto de imágenes es válido ya que las imágenes relacionadas con el tabaquismo se consideraron más asociadas con el hábito de fumar, en comparación con los controles. Además, los fumadores mostraron un mayor sesgo atencional para imágenes relacionadas con el tabaquismo que los no fumadores. El deseo de fumar que inspiraron las imágenes relacionadas con el tabaquismo y su relevancia fueron mayores en los fumadores que en los no fumadores. Los fumadores, en comparación con los no fumadores, consideraron las imágenes relacionadas con el tabaquismo menos desagradables. Estos hallazgos proporcionan evidencia de la validez aparente y de contenido de este conjunto de imágenes, que estarán a disposición de los investigadores, contribuyendo a maximizar la estandarización de las futuras investigaciones.

Smoking-related pictures and matched controls are useful tools in experimental tasks of attentional bias. It is noteworthy that the procedures used to produce and validate these pairs of pictures are poorly reported. This study aimed to describe the production and evidence of validity of a set of smoking-related pictures and their matched controls. Two studies were conducted to assess validity. An online internet-based survey was used to assess face validity of 12 pictures related to smoking behavior and 12 matched controls. All pictures were colored and were 95mm length x 130mm width. Participants were asked whether the pictures were related or not to the smoking behavior and also rated how much each picture was related to smoking behavior. The second study investigated attentional bias in smokers (n = 47) and non-smokers (n = 50), and examined how they assessed all pictures in terms of pleasantness and the 12 smoking-related pictures in terms of relevance to their own smoking behavior. Craving was assessed before and after the experiment. Results indicate that this set of pictures is valid since smoking-related pictures were considered more related to smoking behavior compared to their matched controls. Moreover, smokers showed greater attentional bias for smoking-related pictures than non-smokers. Craving and relevance of the smoking-related pictures were higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Smokers considered smoking-related pictures less unpleasant than non-smokers. These findings provide evidence of face and content validity of this set of pictures, which will be available to researchers, contributing to the maximization of the standardization of future investigations.

Imagens relacionadas ao cigarro e seus controles pareados são ferramentas úteis para investigar viés atencional, agradabilidade, fissura e relevância de tais estímulos para o comportamento adictivo. Estudos sobre desenvolvimento e validação de tais imagens são escassos, dificultando a comparação de resultados devido ao uso de diferentes estímulos. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o processo de desenvolvimento e validação de um conjunto de imagens (12 cigarro e 12 controles) para fornecer um banco de imagens padronizadas. Dois estudos foram conduzidos, sendo o primeiro uma enquete através da internet para acessar a validade de face. Os participantes responderam se as imagens eram relacionadas ou não ao comportamento de fumar e classificaram o quanto cada uma era relacionada a este comportamento. O segundo examinou agradabilidade, relevância e fissura provocada pelas 12 imagens cigarro. Os resultados indicaram que todas imagens cigarro eram válidas, pois todos os participantes as consideraram mais relacionadas ao comportamento de fumar comparadas com as controles. Fissura e relevância foram mais altas nos fumantes e estes consideraram as imagens cigarro menos desagradáveis do que os não fumantes. Estes achados promovem validade de face e de conteúdo deste conjunto de imagens que estará disponível aos pesquisadores, contribuindo para maximizar a padronização de futuras investigações.

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de estimar o Quociente de Inteligência (QI) de adultos por meio de duas estratégias que utilizam uma forma curta constituída pelos subtestes Vocabulário e Cubos da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para Adultos (WAIS-III). Participaram do estudo 77 homens e mulheres, com idade média de 39,1 anos (dp=13,4). Foi aplicada a WAIS-III e questionários para cumprir os critérios de inclusão dos participantes sem prejuízos neurológicos e psiquiátricos. Para avaliar a concordância entre as duas estratégias de estimar o QI, utilizou-se o método estatístico proposto por Bland e Altman. Como resultado, encontrou-se que as estimativas de QI geradas pelas duas estratégias apresentam concordância com a medida do QI realizada pela aplicação da escala completa apenas em alguns dos casos avaliados. Sugere-se cautela na utilização dessas estratégias para estimar o QI de adultos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of estimating the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in adults based on two strategies that use Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). Seventy-seven men and women participated of the study, with mean age of 39.1 (sd=13.4). WAIS-III subtests were administered and questionnaires were used to verify inclusion criteria for participants without neurological or psychiatric impairments. A statistical method proposed by Bland and Altman was used to evaluate the agreement between both strategies to estimate IQ. Results suggest that IQ estimates derived from both strategies only agree with the IQ derived from the full battery in a few cases of the sample. Considering these findings, caution is suggested when using these strategies to estimate adults' IQ.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a concepção que policiais militares têm das crianças em situação de rua. Pela técnica da inserção ecológica, doze policiais homens foram selecionados ao acaso e entrevistados nas ruas perante um roteiro pré-estabelecido. Foi realizada uma análise qualitativa do conteúdo das entrevistas e de diários de campo dos pesquisadores. Os critérios utilizados pelos policiais para definir a criança em situação de rua foram a aparência, as atividades desenvolvidas na rua, o comportamento, a freqüência com que as crianças estão na rua, o local de permanência e a relação da criança com a família. Para todos os critérios houve uma tendência à valoração negativa, no entanto, percebeu-se uma relativização do conceito criado. O estudo destacou a importância da qualificação profissional no enfrentamento deste problema social, sobretudo num caráter educativo que revele melhor a dinâmica de vida das crianças em situação de rua.

This study aims to investigate police officers conception of street children. The ecological engagement was used to interview twenty male police officers, selected by chance, on the streets. A qualitative analyses was based on the interviews and the researchers journal notes. The main criteria that the police officers used to define street children was the children appearance, their activities on the streets, their behaviors, the frequency that they stay on the streets, the place where they stay and their family contact. These criteria show that they attributed negative value to children. In the other hand, some relativism was perceived in their concept of street child. This study stressed the importance of the professional qualification to fight against this social problem, mainly through educative work, which will allow the understanding of the children street life dynamics.